John Maynard Keynes s Economic Theory And Policy After...

At the start of the Great Depression, people in all affected countries believed that a free market - based on supply and demand with no government control - would deliver full employment. John Maynard Keynes came up with a theory as a counterargument: that aggregate demand is the single most powerful force in any economy. Keynes explains that free markets are not able to balance themselves out enough to lead to the full employment everyone was waiting for. The 1930s gave rise to Keynes’ ideas, especially after the publication of his revolutionary book The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money in 1936. â€Å"Keynesian economics dominated economic theory and policy after World War II until the 1970s,† when the issue of stagflation introduced itself to a disappointingly unprepared Keynes. (CITE JAHAN P.54) Keynes and His Theory John Maynard Keynes was a well-known British economist, and is credited with the establishment of modern macroeconomics. One must remember that the concept of macroeconomics already existed, but Keynes’ addition includes a â€Å"systematic approach to aggregate economic phenomena.† (CITE SNOWDON/VANE P 13) While The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money might be his most famous work, he also had two other important works released before it. The first was The Economic Consequences of the Peace in 1919, arguing that the Versailles Treaty would lead to another war in Europe. The second, released just six years before General Theory, was AShow MoreRelatedBiography of John Maynard Keynes Essay990 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the history of economics, there have been many experts and professors whose ideas and theories have fundamentally affected our thoughts and practices, but none has been as influential on this subject as John Maynard Keynes. He was a Briti sh economist who revolutionized economic thinking and to this day his work continues to be appreciated and utilized by many into what is known as â€Å"Keynesian Economics.† John Maynard Keynes was an Englishman born in 1883, who went on to become one of theRead MoreKayne vs Hayek1370 Words   |  6 PagesChanya Udomphorn ID# 5380040 Macroeconomics Mr. Rattakarn Komonrat Keynes vs. Hayek Macroeconomics is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of the whole economy. Macroeconomists study aggregated indicators such as GDP, unemployment rates, and price indices to understand how the whole economy functions. They develop models that explain the relationship between such factors as national income, output, consumption, unemployment, inflationRead MoreThe Keynesian Fiscal Policy Solution Aggregate Demand1103 Words   |  5 PagesThe Keynesian Fiscal Policy Solution Aggregate Demand Problems The 1920’s witnessed a rise of a new economic policy which had not yet been seen prior to the great depression. Before the great depression, the widely accepted economic policy which was implemented and practiced around the world was called Natural Economics. Natural Economics was a fiscal policy that embodied the idea that the economy would eventually take care of itself and run freely without the government’s influence. However, theRead More Milton Friedman Essay1059 Words   |  5 Pages Milton Friedman Milton Friedman is known as one of the top economists in the world. He has a Ph. D. from Columbia University, won a Noble Memorial Prize in economics and has also been awarded many honorary degrees by other Universities in the United States. As you can tell, Milton Friedman has played a significant part in helping to solve the economy problems of the world. Youve probably heard all about his accomplishments and awards he has received, but what about how Milton Friedman playedRead MoreKeynesian Theory vs. Supply Side Essay example869 Words   |  4 Pagesvery important economic policies that point in different directions of fiscal policy include the Keynesian economics and Supply Side economics. They are opposites on the economic policy field and were introduced in the 20th century, but are known for their influence on the economy in the United States both were being used to try and help the economy during the Great Depression. John Maynard Keynes a British economist was the founder of Keynesian economic theory. Keynesian economics is a form of demandRead MoreEconomics : How Macroeconomics Changed The World1420 Words   |  6 Pagesfunctions overall, what employment really means, and what kind of fluctuations affect the world we live in. It encompasses a great wealth of knowledge that allows us to understand and make sense of many occurrences and events in the world. Before delving into the details, this paper showcases the history behind how macroeconomics came into being and the main aspects of it. Macroeconomics consists of theories that encompass a larger-scale viewpoint of economy, such as interest rates, and productivityRead MoreJohn Maynard Keynes s Law Starting With Aggregate Demand And How Consumption Together With Investment1848 Words   |  8 PagesI will first talk about J. M. Keynes and give some general information regarding his life and career. Following I will discuss about Keynes criticism of Say’s Law starting with Aggregate Demand and how consumption together with investment are in relation to income. Afterwards I will highlight the role of investment and what the policy implications are. For the final part of this essay I will conclude with some evidence to support the claims made. John Maynard Keynes was born in 5th of June 1883 andRead More Use of Monetary Policy and Fiscal Policy During The Great Recession1110 Words   |  5 PagesHow can monetary policy and fiscal policy greatly influence the US economy? Keynesian economics says, â€Å"A depressed economy is the result of inadequate spending .† According to Keynesian the government intervention can help a depressed economy through monetary policy and fiscal .The idea established by Keynes was that managing the economy is a government responsibility . Monetary policy uses changes in the quantity of money to alter interest rates, which in turn affect the level of overall spendingRead MoreInflation and Money2003 Words   |  9 PagesUnit 1: Explain how cigarettes could be called â€Å"money† in prisoner-of-war camps of World War II (refer to one or more of the three functions or characteristics of money in you answer). In World War II, each prisoner received the same parcel included cigarettes. They would exchange the good and services through barter economy. Over the time, the economic in the camps developed and the bartering system became more complicated. It was difficult to satisfy a â€Å"double coincidence of want†. In orderRead MoreKeynes and the Classical Economists6500 Words   |  26 PagesKeynes and the Classical Economists: The Early Debate on Policy Activism LEAR N I NG OBJ ECTIVE S 1. Discuss why the classical economists believed that a market economy would automatically tend toward full employment. 2. Explain why Keynes rejected the views of the classical economists. 3. Compare the views of Keynes and the classical economists with regard to the proper role of government. s you discovered in Chapter 10, unemployment and inflation impose costs on our society. Today, many Americans

Oedipus Rex A Tragic Hero - 945 Words

The ancient Greek’s culture was greatly influence by their belief in in many gods. They believed that the gods would guide them and that everyone was destined to live out their fates. In the case of Oedipus Rex Fate drove him into a downfall. Oedipus Rex is a part of the great Sophoclean play, written by Sophocles. Sophocles’ write this story to portray a tragic hero, using character flaws to explain his downfall. Oedipus is a perfect tragic hero because his whirlwind of a life force the audience to admire him in the beginning of the story as a privilege young man and also pity him a he falls into a crushing downfall. Sophocles intentionally gave Oedipus certain flaws because he intended his downfall. His tragic flaws, pride, persistence, and ignorance lead to his fate. Sight is a very important motif in this play. Oedipus is unable to see his fate clearly because he is blinded by his tragic flaws. Sophocles really drilled the motif of sight vs. blindness into the fabric of this play. The first sight of this motif is at the beginning of the play when the prophet Teiresias graces the stage. Teiresias is blind, but he can see Oedipus s past, present, and future and the pain it will cause. Even though Oedipus s eyes are fine, he is blinded to his fate because of pure ignorance. Oedipus’s ignorance on this key matter which is purely ironic because he was famous for his keen insight, after solving the riddle of the Sphinx. As a matter of fact Oedipus calls Teiresias powersShow MoreRelatedOedipus Rex : A Tragic Hero882 Words   |  4 Pagestheir fates. In the case of Oedipus Rex, fate drove him into a downfall. Oedipus Rex is a part of the great Sophoclean play, written by Sophocles. Sophocles wrote this story to exemplify a tragic hero, he uses s pecific character flaws to explain the downfall of his hero. Oedipus is a perfect tragic hero because his early life forces the audience to admire as a privilege young man and also pity him as he falls into a crushing downfall towards the end. Oedipus’s tragic flaws are pride, persistenceRead MoreOedipus Rex : The Tragic Hero735 Words   |  3 Pagesa tragedy a hero must possess a tragic flaw that leads to his or her ruin. An example that backs up this argument is Sophocles’s tragedian play, Oedipus Rex, in which its protagonist was a victim of such fatal flaws that caused ruination in his life. In this case, Oedipus tragic flaws were both his anger and his pride. Furthermore, the fate that Oedipus suffered because of such flaws not only caused his downfall, but also the death of those he cherished. The tragic flaws that Oedipus possessed madeRead MoreOedipus Rex: Classic Tragic Hero921 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, Oedipus is a classic t ragic hero. According to Aristotles definition, Oedipus is a tragic hero because he is a king whose life falls apart when he finds out his life story. There are a number of characteristics described by Aristotle that identify a tragic hero. For example, a tragic hero must cause his own downfall; his fate is not deserved, and his punishment exceeds the crime; he also must be of noble stature and have greatness. Oedipus is in love with hisRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Sophocles Oedipus Rex972 Words   |  4 Pagesread across the world in modern-day. Oedipus Rex, a standout amongst the popular tragedies, is written by Sophocles. Within every tragedy play, one character takes the role of a grievous or tragic hero. As stated by Aristotle, certain attributes characterize a deplorable legend or a tragic hero. In Oedipus Rex, the fundamental character, Oedipus, carries imperfections as well as inevitable fate much like a tragic hero. A few of the qualities of a tragic hero consists of nobility and carrying flawsRead MoreThe Tragic Hero of Oedipus Rex Essay1383 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tragic Hero of Oedipus Rex According to the ancient Greeks and Aristotle the hero is a person who possesses superior qualities of mind and body, and who proves his superiority by doing great deeds of valor, strength, or intellect. In Sophocles Oedipus Rex the main character Oedipus possesses these characteristics of a true hero, which in turn lead to his self-destruction. In the beginning of the play Oedipuss great intellect is made known by the chorus who see him as someone who hasRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Oedipus Rex, And Willie Loman1204 Words   |  5 Pagesearliest theater critics, took it upon himself to define the dramatic tragedy. Aristotle believed that a tragedy could only be defined by a hero who is not totally just and flawless, but, at the same time, whose downfall isn’t linked to his own depravity. The reasoning behind this concept is simple to understand. Were there to be a completely virtuous hero with no flaws, no hamartia, as Aristotle describes it, there would be no sense of catharsis or enjoyment at watching horrible events afflictRead MoreAnalysis of Oedipus As an Aristotelian Tragic Hero in Sophocles Oedipus Rex1799 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Oedipus as an Aristotelian tragic hero Although one might be inclined to express uncertainty concerning the role of Sophocles Oedipus as a tragic hero (when regarding matters from a general point of view), the character perfectly fits Aristotles definition of a tragic hero. The protagonist in Oedipus Rex is noble and can be appreciated for his greatness, considering that he embodies a series of virtuous attributes. Even with this, he is not perfect and thus makes it possible for readers toRead More tragoed Oedipus the King (Oedipus Rex) as Ideal Tragic Hero1245 Words   |  5 PagesOedipus Rex as the Ideal Tragic Hero If we give ourselves up to a full sympathy with the hero, there is no question that the Oedipus Rex fulfills the function of a tragedy, and arouses fear and pity in the highest degree. But the modern reader, coming to the classic drama not entirely for the purpose of enjoyment, will not always surrender himself to the emotional effect. He is apt to worry about Greek fatalism and the justice of the downfall of Oedipus, and, finding no satisfactory solutionRead MoreEssay on Pride and the Tragic Hero in Oedipus Rex and Othello1217 Words   |  5 PagesPride and the Tragic Hero in Oedipus Rex and Othello   Ã‚  Ã‚   Pride is one of the seven deadly sins. Most proud people will never consider themselves to be truly proud until they come face to face with the consequences of their pride. Sophocles and Shakespeare both address this dilemma in their plays Oedipus Rex and Othello. Through their nobility, their tragic flaws, the fall these flaws cause, and the suffering and wisdom they derive from these falls, Oedipus and Othello reveal the true characterRead MoreSophocles Oedipus Rex: The Epic and Tragic Hero in Myth and Culture2021 Words   |  8 PagesOutline- Background to story and structure Thesis the hero as both epic and tragic Oedipus Rex Theme and Plot The Epic and Tragic Hero in Myth and Culture How myth is ingrained, purpose Oedipus as a tragic Hero Formation of myth and commonalities with the everyman Aristotelian definition of hero Conclusions How Aristotles definition fits Oedipus Background- Within the rubric of the human experience we can find a number of commonalities that relate to psychology, culture, and the manner

The Relationship between Okonkwo and Nwoye falls apart Free Essays

The Relationship between Okonkwo and Nwoye falls apart. A relationship between a father and son can have a decidedly profound impact on each other’s lives. Whether this relationship is bifurcated, the psychological effects of having an intimate or inadequate parenting skills can have a nurturing or depriving effect on a child’s personality from birth all throughout adulthood. We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship between Okonkwo and Nwoye falls apart or any similar topic only for you Order Now This relationship although sustained has the potential to be either beneficial or untenable. In Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, we see a breakdown between a father and son relationship which created a very detrimental effect. The carved figure of a son that Okonkwo had predicted was erased due to his egoistic character and his terrible parenting skills. I can recall an incident, where one of my closest friends had a extremely unstable and difficult relationship with his father. He told me that his father would put on a public display, praising him in front of his family and friends but behind closed doors, he would insult him. These insults were so hurtful that my best friend described them to me as land mines. The consequences of these hurtful land mines left mental scares that resulted in a schism, where the relationship between father and son became untenable. This also led to an emotional collapse with his father causing irreprehensible damage that affected and impacted his life today. The most prominent and compelling theme in the novel originates from the main character Okonkwo, and his ongoing battle to be different from his father. Okonkwo’s father had an negative impact his son’s life, which resulted in Okonkwo trying to constantly stay away from his father’s character. The happiness of a family depends on a strong and successful partnership among its members. It is often said, that a father-son relationship is one of the most valuable relationship that exists, and it should be extremely balanced. In any family structure, when a father and son relationship diminishes, the psychological consequences it creates causes a ripple effect. This ripple effect can cause considerable conflict and cause breeches, breakdown and discontinuity within the family structure. According to Achebe, the main character detested his father at a very young age, â€Å"Even as a little boy he had resented his father’s failure and weakness, and even now he still remembered how he had suffered when a playmate had told him that his father was agbala. †(28) The Igbo tribe in Things Fall Apart uses the term an â€Å"agbala† which is used to describe â€Å"woman†. Okonkwo considered his father to be weak, effeminate, poor, disgraceful, and always in debt to his fellow tribes people. Okonkwo’s life revolves around the deep fear of becoming a failure and adopting the image of his father. Due to this self rooted perception of failure there are indications that he tries to rise above his father’s legacy. The breakdown of Okonkwo’s relationship with his son is evident throughout this novel. The reason for this tumultuous relationship is, Okonkwo is too engrossed in maintaining his status quo, and his relationship was governed by his own beliefs, principles and his own â€Å"right way to do right things†. He treated his family very strictly as he believed that showing affection revealed a sign of social weakness; thus the disheartening lack of respect and love was a mal nourishing factor with in the family. This story maintained a constant theme of conflict. Nwoye, lives in perpetual fear of his father. Okonkwo constantly chastises his son and finds a fault with everything he does. He remains consistent in threatening his son and does not hesitate to abuse him. For example, when he is teaching Nwoye and Ikemefuna to manage seed-yams, he threatens Nwoye with physical abuse if he does not cut up the yams properly: â€Å"If you split another yam of this size, I shall break your jaw. † (Achebe 59). This is not a healthy way for a father to discipline his son. Whether corporal punishment was accepted in the Ibo culture or not, Okonkwo’s verbal and physical abuse weakened the relationship with Nwoye until he left for the missionaries. Although Okonkwo seems to want what was best for his son Nwoye, to prosper as a real man, I believe that it is immoral to impose control using violence. Okonkwo has a tunnel vision when it comes to parenthood, and this inevitably led to him disgracing his son and making mistakes just as his own father did. â€Å"I will not have a son who cannot hold his head in the gathering of the clan. I would sooner struggle him with my own hands. And if you stand staring at me like that,† he swore, â€Å"Amadiora will break your head for you! † (Achebe 60). This iterates the brutal way that Okonkwo treated his son. This incident shows the apparent faults in Okonkwo’s parenting skill as well as reflects his own weakness. In the story there was also an atrocious and tragic incident where Okonkwo killed his adopted son Ikemefuna. He was in a dilema at a point in time but it all drawed up in him murdering an innocent kid who calls him â€Å"father†. Because of this action his biological son grew a tinge of hanger and hatred towards him. Even though they were really no relation, Nwoye thought of his Ikemefuna as a brother. He did not love his children enough or show them compassion. here is no uniformity in the father-son relationship. Although Okonkwo feels he is doing the right thing in raising Nwoye, his harsh treatment drives his son further away from him. â€Å"At any rate, that was how it looked to his father, and he sought to correct him by constant nagging and beating. And so Nwoye was developing into a sad-faced youth† (Achebe 16). Nwoye felt no love or attention from his father. It is, therefore, no surprise that Nwoye left the tribe and converted to the â€Å"white man’s† religion, Christianity. He did this in an effort to seek answers to his troubling questions about Okonkwo and the other members in his society. This downfall in Nwoye’s relationship with Okonkwo encouraged him to follow the missionaries. This naive and amiable child struggled in the shadow of his powerful and demanding father. Nwoye’s relationship with his father progressively deteriorates because he is unable to put up with his father’s dictatorial attitude as well as there is a lack of understanding between each other. He was supportive of the new religion as it gave a sense of comfort. If he did not express inhumane, brutal threatening to kill his son, Nwoye would not have run away, but rather, enjoyed an improved relationship. By further analyzing this story it can be seen that he is alienated from traditions and beliefs from the tribe. Okonkwo death came just as Nwoye was ecoming aware of his role within the culture and becoming more aware of his self. Basically Okonkwo failed in his mission in raising his son in the right way and comprehends that he has pushed his son to his fate and becomes bitter. It is his fault that he lost a son. His rejection of his father’s way of life creates an ironic parallel rejection of his own son. Comprehending the importance of fatherhood, allows o ne to recognize the powerful influence of personal experiences and how they directly or indirectly affect others. Works Cited Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. New York: Anchor Books, 2010. E-book. How to cite The Relationship between Okonkwo and Nwoye falls apart, Essay examples

Effectiveness of Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccination - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Effectiveness of Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccination. Answer: Introduction: Influenza can be defined as one of the most highly reported infectious diseases of Australia and other developed as well as developing nations; for Australia, this year the nation has seen the highest activity level since the pandemic year of 2009. One of the greatest concerns for the recent flu outbreaks is the common antibiotic resistant strains that do not respond to common antibiotics and become very difficult to control once the disease spreads. Hence, the most effective prevention option that the health care industry has is the variety of different vaccines available. This assignment will discuss the burden of influenza, the causes and risk factors, and vaccine requirements for the most vulnerable age groups (over 65 years of age) along with a brief description of the disease, types of vaccines, type of vaccine suitable for the target vulnerable population (over 65), rationale for the choice of the type of vaccine, contraindication, herd immunity, management of negative respons e in patients and the critical review of the need for community nurses to have vaccinations in Influenza prevention. Influenza can be defined as one of the most contagious viral infections. This disease affects the upper respiratory apparatus. Influenza outbreak is a very common phenomenon and it still occurs every three to five years resulting in death of a least 5 to 10 % of the total population of Australia (Duncan, 2016). There are different types of influenza pathogen strains and each strain varies with respect to virulence. The mode of transmission in Influenza is by the droplet transfer between individuals. This pathogen is generally inhaled; it attacks the respiratory tract of the host and gives rise to the typical symptoms. These typical symptoms include fever, chilling tremors, fatigue and hacking coughs, and in certain cases even acute body pain (Duncan, 2016). Although, 20% of the Influenza risk is at the children, although for the age group of the older adults aged over 65 years also are at around 10 % of total risk for influenza (Domnich et al., 2017). Since the older adults (aged ove r 65) are considered a vulnerable population (a population which is extremely at risk to acquiring the disease), it is strongly recommended that they receive targeted flu vaccines. There are different types of influenza vaccines, of which the live attenuated influenza vaccine is administered intranasally and sold under the trade name of FluMist and Fluenz. On the other hand, inactivated vaccines are administered at the intramuscular junction. Subconjugate vaccines are also used for influenza, in the form of injections (Sridhar, Brokstad Cox, 2015). The vulnerable population under focus for this assignment will be on the older adults (over 65). Adults over the 65 years of age have compromised immune system and hence they have lesser immunity towards diseases like influenza, hence they are considered the vulnerable population. As per Demicheli et al. (2018), the risk of flu and flu related complications like the influenza is at least 2 to 3 times higher than the rest of the patient populations, in the older adults (over 65). In this age group, the influenza increases the risk for heart attacks by 3-5 times and stroke or TIA by 2-3 times, just within 2 weeks of infection. As a result, more targeted preventative measures designed with the particular needs of the older patient population in mind, such as Flu shots designed specifically targeting the compromised immunity of this population. The influenza vaccine for the older adults are generally high dose vaccines and contains at least 4 times more concentrated antigens than the ant igen concentration of the standard vaccine doses. It has to be mentioned that for the older adults, the adjuvanted flu vaccines can also be taken (DiazGranados et al., 2014). For the children aged 6-35 months, FluQuadri junior is recommended while the children older than 36 months receive Fluarix Tetra or Fluquadri (Health.nsw.gov.au., 2018). For the age group of 18 to 64 years of age, the standard flu vaccine that is recommended is Afluria Quad. However, for the age group of 65 and above, the most suitable flu vaccine recommended is the Fluzone high dose (or Fluad) vaccine, and it is usually given on an annual basis. It is given from September until mid November given the fact that the flu season runs from October to May in Australian demographics (Grohskopf et al., 2016). Fluzone high dose or Fluad are the booster vaccines that are formulated specifically for the older adults over the age of 65 years. These vaccines contain 4 times dose of influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2) and B-Yamagata strains. Older adults require higher antibody strength in order to attain immunity against the Flu outbreaks than the other age groups (Grohskopf et al., 2014). This is because older adults that are 65 or above have been reported to produce 50-75 % lesser antibodies than the younger adults leading to ineffective protection. 60% of the seniors that had been vaccinated with Fluzone vaccine had represented higher resistance to the Flu outbreak. According to the research, there is 25% reduction in the incidence of the regular Flu in the older adults that received Fluzone high dose or Fluad booster dose annually when compared to standard vaccine (Duncan, 2016). Hence, based on the above stated evidence, Fluzone high dose or Fluad is the most effective flu vaccination for the olde r adults belonging to the age group of 65 and above (Health.nsw.gov.au., 2018). The annual booster dose requirements for Fluad are 0.5 mL pre-filled syringe containing 15 g haemagglutinin of each of the three recommended influenza virus strains, adjuvanted with MF59C.1 (including 9.75 mg squalene and 1.175 mg polysorbate 80). He annual booster dose for Fluzone are 0.5 mL pre-filled syringe including 60 g haemagglutinin of each of the three recommended influenza virus strains; 1 g ovalbumin; 100 g formaldehyde; 250 g octoxinol 9 (Immunise.health.gov.au., 2018). The side effects of the Flu vaccine are not many, however, for the high dose variant, the impact of the side effects are enhanced. For instance the side effects of the regular or the standard such as the fever and inflammation of the injection site is more persistent and aggravated in case of the high dosage version of the Fluzone. These side effects generally persist for a week or more for the Fluzone high dose shots in the adults over 65 (Haq McElhaney, 2014). The dosage and administration needs to be accurate in case of the older age groups for their reduced immune strength and enhanced vulnerability. Fluzone high dose should always be administered as a single intramuscular dose and it should be given in the deltoid muscles of the patient. And the most preferable concentration of the dosage is generally 0.5 mL/Intramuscular for one dose in the age group of 65 and above (Demicheli et al., 2018). However, the most important contraindication for Fluzoen high dose is the aggravating hypersensitive reaction to egg proteins. Patients with a history of recent Guillain-Barr syndrome, this Flu shot cannot be provided. Along with that for the patients that are being given immunosuppressive therapy cannot be given Fluzone high dose either (Lau et al., 2012). Herd immunity can be defined as the herd effect on the community immunity. It is the kind of indirect protection given against the different communicable outbreaks. It is facilitated when a large portion of the entire community has attained immunity to a particular infection and in turn provides a small and indirect measure of protection for the individuals that have not taken the immunization. The main principle behind this concept is the fact that in a population where the majority is immune against a particular communicable outbreak, the chain of infection is more likely to be disrupted easily (Plans-Rubi, 2012). Herd immunity also acts like a significant evolutionary pressure on particular viruses forcing the disruption of the progression chain. Attaining immunity can also be difficult for some people due to genetic disorders or immuno-compromised patients. In such cases herd immunity also acts like a significant barrier for them as well providing them with some form of protectio n. The vaccines need to be effective as the goal for vaccinating people is to achieve herd immunity. When a community is actively and effectively vaccinated against the disease, it provides the unvaccinated or immuno-compromised individual with a safety net. Therefore, taking the timely age adjusted flu-shots is not just a measure for personal protection but also is a collective community protection measure (Haq McElhaney, 2014). As a community nurse, the risk of exposure to influenza virus is extremely high, it has to be mentioned that the 90% of the total deaths due to influenza is attributed to the age group of 65 and above (Yaqub, Castle-Clarke, Sevdalis Chataway, 2014). And close to 70% of the older adults get influenza infections in a yearly basis and along with that for more than 50% of the total instances the risk of further complications is always high that require the assistance and care intervention from the community nurses (Demicheli et al., 2018). And hence the burden of caring for the influenza patients and their further complication often outweighs the personal protection measures like hand-washing and infection control. Hence, the requirement of regular and effective immunization with respect to the age group to which the nursing professional belongs to is extremely important (Mannino et al., 2012). Many research studies have illustrated that annual vaccination has been recommended widely for both the health care staff and the target patient population. Many government and nongovernment health authorities have advocated the need for mandatory annual vaccination for the health care staff. Although there has been a significant decline in the compliance percentage of the staff to flu vaccination. According to Behrman and Offley (2013), a few most contributing factors identified to the noncompliance include underestimation of influenza morbidity, fear of vaccination causing illness and thinking clean living would prevent transmission. However authors have also illustrated that mandatory vaccination policies have contributed to improving the immunization status of the health care staff, however lack of provable benefits, mistaken beliefs and ethical violations continue to be challenges to successful immunization of the staff. On the contrary, the authors have also discussed that comp ulsory vaccination is based an exaggerated threat, there is little scientific evidence that health care staff are the important transmission for influenza to patients. Hence, the compulsion of health care staff for vaccination violates the basic right of informed consent (Behrman Offley, 2013). However, in the community care facility, the patients are often aged and dealing with critical illness with a reduced immunity and hence are vulnerable to health care associated infections. If the nursing professionals providing care to them are not immunized themselves, the risk of infection is heightened multiple times. Hence, the need for mandatory flu shots for community nurses is not limited to their personal protection; it extends to providing some extent of protection to the patients receiving care from them as well (Demicheli et al., 2018). Furthermore, under the NSW Healths revised policy directivePD2018_009, the community care nurses and health professionals are required to take flu vaccinations on 1st June annually as a part of their professional and ethical requirements. Hence, the community care nurses are required to oblige with the vaccination policies in order to ensure ethical professional behaviour, preferably with informed consent (Health.nsw.gov.au., 2018). There has been a significant reluctant attitude observed in the health care professional towards the vaccination, especially the most threatening ones. According to the study, the hesitant attitudes are not just limited to those who do not get the vaccination, but it extends to those who influence others against vaccination as well (Yaqub, Castle-Clarke, Sevdalis Chataway, 2014). And the most important reasons behind the same can be the lack of health literacy in the different individuals and the lack of trust in the institution of vaccination. With proper information dissemination the community care professionals can be encouraged to maintain regular vaccination regime. It has to be mentioned that the community care professionals are exposed to high contamination risk to preventable communicable diseases hence the need for diligent and periodic vaccination is paramount (Felicilda-Reynaldo, 2014). As a community nurse, it is a significant part of the nursing roles and responsibilities to educate and inform the target population regarding the benefits of the Flu vaccination. In this case, if I am presented with a situation where an older individual refuses to take the vaccination, I would first and foremost try to calm him or her and will attempt to engage a relaxed therapeutic communication with them. In the following step I would like to understand the reason behind their non-compliance. For the older population belonging to aboriginal communities, the health literacy is low due to social exclusion, lack of education, and discrimination. These ethnic communities have a very different understanding of health and disease prevention; these groups can refuse to immunize themselves. In such situations I would be extremely respectful towards any cultural views that might be hindering the individual to opt for the vaccination and with optimal culturally safe communication practice I would share with him the benefits of Fluzone high dose using flyers and pamphlets. I would also share the evidence charts and records of the success of such vaccinations against communicable outbreaks (McElhaney et al., 2013). In case the patient does not feel confident enough I will even enrol him or her in peer support and influenza education programs to enhance his understanding of influenza prevention. On a concluding note, influenza poses the highest risk of infection borne diseases in the different countries. For the vulnerable population of the older adults (over 65), the risk for reoccurring flu infections are even higher. Influenza is the most impactful burden on the older communities and hence the need for Fluzone high dose administration following the quarantined protocol is extremely necessary for not only the older target group, but the entire community including the health care professionals. As discussed, the immunization procedure not only protects the immunized individuals but also generates an overall protection for the entire community by means of herd immunity. Influenza vaccinations are one of the most impactful preventive measures for influenza, hence, each and every individual will need to follow the immunization routine; including health care professionals. References: (2018).Health.nsw.gov.au.Retrieved25April2018,fromhttps://www.health.nsw.gov.au/immunisation/Documents/influenza-information-sheet.pdf Behrman, A., Offley, W. (2013). Should influenza vaccination be mandatory for healthcare workers?.BMJ,347, f6705. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f6705 Blasi, F., Aliberti, S., Mantero, M., Centanni, S. (2012). Compliance with anti-H1N1 vaccine among healthcare workers and general population.Clinical Microbiology and Infection,18, 37-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03941.x Demicheli, V., Jefferson, T., Di Pietrantonj, C., Ferroni, E., Thorning, S., Thomas, R. E., Rivetti, A. (2018). Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly.The Cochrane Library. doi abs/10.1002/14651858.CD004876.pub4 DiazGranados, C. A., Dunning, A. J., Kimmel, M., Kirby, D., Treanor, J., Collins, A., ... Martin, E. (2014). Efficacy of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccine in older adults.New England Journal of Medicine,371(7), 635-645. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1315727 Domnich, A., Arata, L., Amicizia, D., Puig-Barber, J., Gasparini, R., Panatto, D. (2017). Effectiveness of MF59-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine in the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Vaccine,35(4), 513-520. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.011 Duncan, D. (2016). Stop the spread: prevention and reduction of influenza among older individuals.British journal of community nursing,21(9), 446-450. doi: 10.12968/bjcn.2016.21.9.446 Dunning, A. J., DiazGranados, C. A., Voloshen, T., Hu, B., Landolfi, V. A., Talbot, H. K. (2016). Correlates of protection against influenza in the elderly: results from an influenza vaccine efficacy trial.Clinical and Vaccine Immunology,23(3), 228-235. doi: 10.1128/CVI.00604-15 Felicilda-Reynaldo, R. F. D. (2014). Types of flu vaccines for yearly immunization.Medsurg Nursing,23(4),256.Retrievedfrom:https://search.proquest.com/openview/f1e8bdff2cc87ba62360c008072566ca/1?pq-origsite=gscholarcbl=30764 Frey, S. E., Aplasca-De Los Reyes, M. R., Reynales, H., Bermal, N. N., Nicolay, U., Narasimhan, V., ... Arora, A. K. (2014). Comparison of the safety and immunogenicity of an MF59-adjuvanted with a non-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine in elderly subjects.Vaccine,32(39), 5027-5034. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.013 Grohskopf, L. A., Olsen, S. J., Sokolow, L. Z., Bresee, J. S., Cox, N. J., Broder, K. R., ... Walter, E. B. (2014). Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)--United States, 2014-15 influenza season.Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,63(32), 691-697. Retrieved from: https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc4584910 Haq, K., McElhaney, J. E. (2014). Immunosenescence: influenza vaccination and the elderly.Current opinion in immunology,29, 38-42. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.03.008 Haq, K., McElhaney, J. E. (2014). Immunosenescence: influenza vaccination and the elderly.Current opinion in immunology,29, 38-42. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.03.008 Immunise - 4.7 Influenza. (2018).Immunise.health.gov.au. Retrieved 23 April 2018, from https://www.immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/Handbook10-home~handbook10part4~handbook10-4- Influenza. (2018).World Health Organization. Retrieved 23 April 2018, from https://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/influenza/en Ju, C. H., Blum, L. K., Kongpachith, S., Lingampalli, N., Mao, R., Brodin, P., ... Robinson, W. H. (2018). Plasmablast antibody repertoires in elderly influenza vaccine responders exhibit restricted diversity but increased breadth of binding across influenza strains.Clinical Immunology. Pp 7-9 doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.01.011 Lau, D., Hu, J., Majumdar, S. R., Storie, D. A., Rees, S. E., Johnson, J. A. (2012). Interventions to improve influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rates among community-dwelling adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Annals of Family Medicine,10(6), 538-546. doi:10.1370/afm.1405 Mannino, S., Villa, M., Apolone, G., Weiss, N. S., Groth, N., Aquino, I., ... Rothman, K. J. (2012). Effectiveness of adjuvanted influenza vaccination in elderly subjects in northern Italy.American journal of epidemiology,176(6), 527-533. doi: 10.1093/aje/kws313 McElhaney, J. E., Beran, J., Devaster, J. M., Esen, M., Launay, O., Leroux-Roels, G., ... Durand, C. (2013). AS03-adjuvanted versus non-adjuvanted inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine against seasonal influenza in elderly people: a phase 3 randomised trial.The Lancet infectious diseases,13(6), 485-496. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70046-X Osterholm, M. T., Kelley, N. S., Sommer, A., Belongia, E. A. (2012). Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet infectious diseases,12(1), 36-44. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70295-X Plans-Rubi, P. (2012). The vaccination coverage required to establish herd immunity against influenza viruses.Preventive medicine,55(1), 72-77. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.02.015 Seasonal Influenza Vaccination 2018 - Immunisation Programs. (2018).Health.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved16April2018,fromhttps://www.health.nsw.gov.au/immunisation/Pages/seasonal_flu_vaccination.aspx Sridhar, S., Brokstad, K. A., Cox, R. J. (2015). Influenza vaccination strategies: comparing inactivated and live attenuated influenza vaccines.Vaccines,3(2), 373-389. doi:10.3390/vaccines3020373 Van Bellinghen, L. A., Meier, G., Van Vlaenderen, I. (2014). The potential cost-effectiveness of quadrivalent versus trivalent influenza vaccine in elderly people and clinical risk groups in the UK: a lifetime multi-cohort model.PLoS One,9(6), pp 98437. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098437 What you need to know about the new flu vaccines for over-65s. (2018). ABC News. Retrieved 23 April 2018, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-02-19/fluad-fluzone-flu-vaccines-for-over-65s-what-you-need-to-know/9461766 Yaqub, O., Castle-Clarke, S., Sevdalis, N., Chataway, J. (2014). Attitudes to vaccination: a critical review.Social Science Medicine,112, 1-11. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/absas/Downloads/2116447_1056399576_vacciation3.pdf